3 - Creating & Deleting a directory

Today lets talk about creating and deleting directories.

mkdir - create a new directory.

command syntax

mkdir [option] directory

directory - give the name of the directory you wish to create.

options used with mkdir

-m mode - Set permission mode (as in chmod), not rwxrwxrwx - umask.
-p - No error if existing, make parent directories as needed.
-v - Print a message for each created directory
-Z - (SELinux) set security context to CONTEXT

ex :

creates a directory named "dirName"

"dirName" named directory has been created.

ex :

This example use the -m option to set the permissions to all users having read, write, and execute permissions.

Shows the permission of "dirName" directory

changing permission through GUI

chmod command is used to change the permission of a file through CLI. In the future lets talk about chmod.

r - Read the file.
w - Write or edit the file.
x - Execute or run the file as a program.

rmdir - Remove directory(s)

command syntax

rmdir [option] directory

directory - give the name of the directory you wish to delete.

options used with rmdir

--ignore-fail-on-non-empty - ignore each failure that is solely because a directory is non-empty.
-p, --parents - Remove DIRECTORY and its ancestors. E.g., `rmdir -p a/b/c' is similar to `rmdir a/b/c a/b a'.
-v, --verbose - output a diagnostic for every directory processed.
--version - output version information and exit.

ex :

delete "dirName" directory.

"dirName" directoty has been deleted.

If there were files inside "dirName" directory "rmdir dirName" command wont allow us to delete that directory.

Therefore to remove a directory, even if files existed within that directory use
rm -rf directory/

ex :

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Fedora 19 (Schrödinger's Cat) Released

Fedora 19 "Schrödinger's Cat" has been released today, featuring the latest stable GNOME 3.8, a new initial setup and other interesting changes.

New initial setup

The latest Fedora 19 includes a new initial setup (which was supposed to be introduced with Fedora 18, but was delayed) which allows users to perform some basic actions the first time they boot into Fedora. Users can select the language, keyboard layout, add cloud services and, if no user has been created during the installation process, a new user can easily be created from this initial setup:

After the initial setup completes, an animation displaying some GNOME Shell basic usage is displayed in full-screen

GNOME 3.8

• Fedora 19 ships with GNOME 3.8, which comes with numerous changes and new features, including: new Activities Overview applications view.
• overhauled search which can now include results from applications.
• new Privacy, Notifications and Search GNOME Settings panels.
• a new Classic mode is available for GNOME 3.8, replacing the old GNOME fallback mode. This offers a GNOME2-like layout by using some extensions on top of GNOME Shell. To install it, see below.
• GNOME Clocks and Weather, two new application added with GNOME 3.8, are available by default in Fedora 19.
• GNOME Documents has received an embedded edit mode for Google Docs, presentation mode and more.
• Web (Epiphany) has switched to WebKit2 and now includes an incognito mode, new search UI and supports GTK+2 plugins, including Adobe Flash. Web is not included by default in Fedora 19 though.

Here are some Fedora 19 screenshots in which you can see some of these new GNOME 3.8 features:

Other changes

Other changes in Fedora 19 include:

• File Roller can extract RAR archive after installing the "unar" package, a free and open source command line tool that's part of The Unarchiver project.
• MariaDB is now the default MySQL option in Fedora.
• 3D modeling and printing tools are available in the repositories.
• Updated ModemManager with better support for multi-mode devices like Qualcomm Gobi WWAN cards and other devices that support the CDMA/EVDO/LTE standards, the GSM/UMTS/LTE standards, or devices that can support either.
• firewalld (the default Fedora firewall) improvements.
• more...

Default applications in Fedora 19

Fedora 19 ships with Nautilus 3.8.2, Gedit 3.8.2, Totem 3.8.2, GNOME Documents 3.8.3, GNOME Contacts 3.8.2, GNOME Boxes 3.8.3, Evolution 3.8.3, Cheese 3.8.2, Empathy 3.8.3, GNOME Clocks 3.8.2, GNOME Weather 3.8.2, LibreOffice 4.1 beta 2, Firefox 21, Transmission 2.77, Rhythmbox 2.99.1 and Shotwell 0.14.1, on top of GNOME Shell 3.8.3, GTK 3.8.2, Linux Kernel 3.9.5 (though an update to 3.9.8 is already available), Mesa 9.2 and Xorg server 1.14.1.

Download Fedora 19

Source : webupd8.org

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1 - Introduction to Shell Scripting

What is Linux Kernel ?

Kernel is the hart of Linux OS. It manages the resources of OS,

 I/O management
 Process management
 Device management
 File management
 Memory management

Kernal decides who will use this resource, for how long and when.

The kernel acts as an intermediary between the computer hardware and various programs/application/shell.

What is Linux Shell ?

Computer understand the binary language. It consists of 0s and 1s. In the past people used binary language to provide instruction to computers. It is difficult to read and write in machine language. So in Operating System there is a special program called "Shell" which accepts your instructions or commands in English(mostly), if you gave a valid command it passes it to kernel. Shell is not part of system kernel, but uses the system kernel to execute programs, create files etc.

Shell is a user program or it's environment provided for user interaction. Shell is an command language interpreter that executes commands read from the standard input device (keyboard) or from a file.

Several shell are available :

BASH ( Bourne-Again SHell )
Developed by : Brian Fox and Chet Ramey
Where : Free Software Foundation
Remark : Most common shell in Linux. It's Freeware shell.

CSH (C SHell)
Developed by : Bill Joy
Where : University of California (For BSD)
Remark : The C shell's syntax and usage are very similar to the C programming language.

KSH (Korn SHell)
Developed by :  David Korn
Where : AT & T Bell Labs

TCSH
Developed by : See the man page. Type $ man tcsh
Remark : TCSH is an enhanced but completely compatible version of the Berkeley UNIX C shell (CSH).

To find all available shells in your system type following command 
cat /etc/shells

Each shell does the same job, but each understand a different command syntax and provides different built-in functions.

In MS-DOS, Shell name is COMMAND.COM which is also used for same purpose, but it's not as powerful as our Linux Shells are!

Any of the above shell reads command from user (via Keyboard or Mouse) and tells Linux Os what users want. If we are giving commands from keyboard it is called command line interface ( Usually in-front of $ prompt, This prompt is depend upon your shell and Environment that you set or by your System Administrator, therefore you may get different prompt ).

To find your current shell type following command
echo $SHELL

Normally shells are interactive. It means shell accept command from you (via keyboard) and execute them.

Scripts are collections of commands that are stored in a file. The shell can read this file and act on the commands as if they were typed at the keyboard. Scripts help us to automate a wide range of tasks.

Typical operations performed by shell scripts include file manipulation, program execution, and printing text. Shell provides a variety of useful programming features to make your scripts truly powerful.

reference :
Linux Shell Scripting Tutorial v1.05r3
Writing Shell Scripts

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Chakra Linux - Installing applications

From the last post we talked about Introduction to Chakra Linux. Today lets talk about installing applications you want.

As you install Chakra u have to reboot the system. Now start installing other applications you want.

#1. upgrade your system and database
for that you can use the command
   sudo pacman -Syu
 
to upgrade database
    sudo pacman -Syy
 
if you get an error saying you have to upgrade pacman to perform your operation, upgrade pacman first,
   sudo pacman -S pacman

Then you can upgrade your system and database

#2. Now we have to install a meta-package, it isn't really a package, its a script that install whole bunch of packages in one shot.
Now we're installing a meta package called "base-devel", which installs a basic set of development tools.
   sudo pacman -S base-devel

#3. In order to install packages from CCR you should install ccr and base-devel first.
To install CCR
   sudo pacman -S ccr

After you installed ccr and base-devel make sure you upgrade the system and database, then reboot your system.

Now, time to install applications you want.

#4. QT applications, these packages are in repositories, you can easily install them by typing
   sudo pacman -S package_name

#5. GTK applications, open bundle manager and install from it.

If your bundle manager is empty don't worry! after searching on internet what i found was Chakra has added a new repository called "extra", which contains apps in bundle manager.
To activate "extra" repository, type the command
   sudo pacman -Sy filesystem-extra

to check the apps in extra repository, use
   sudo pacman -Sl extra

try to install a GTK app u want
  ex- sudo pacman -Sy gimp

After activating "extra" repository if you get an error when you try to install a GTK application(gimp) it means still your extra repositories are not activated. This happened to me and what i did was i edited my "pacman.conf".

Open pacman.conf as root,
Path to file : /etc/pacman.conf

Paste this in repository section
  [extra]
  Include = /etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist

Then try to activate again using "sudo pacman -Sy filesystem-extra" and upgrade system and database.
Now i hope you can easily install GTK apps you want, Mine works like a charm

#6. To install CCR packages use
   ccr -S package_name

You don't need to be root for this.

Few commands to install some important applications

Web browser-Chromium

   sudo pacman -S chromium

Web browser-Firefox

  sudo pacman -S firefox-kde

emacs

   sudo pacman -S emacs

VIM

   sudo pacman -S vim

Java

   sudo  pacman -S openjdk

MySQL

   sudo pacman -S mysql

When your trying to install MySQL error will come saying you can't install MySQL its conflicting with MariaDB, if you want to install MySQL you'll have to remove MariaDB.

The Chakra Project decided to switch Chakra's default SQL engine to MariaDB. The upcoming KDE SC 4.10 will be built against it. 

Therefore system needs MariaDB, when you try to remove MariaDB they wont allow you saying akonadi wants MariaDB. You can't remove akonadi because system wants it,therefore to remove MariaDB use
   sudo pacman -Rdd mariadb

Obviously akonadi will miss the dependency but will work.

To install MySql
   sudo pacman -Sdd mysql

After installing MySQL you should run the setup script as root:
   systemctl start mysqld
   mysql_secure_installation

Then restart MySQL:
   systemctl restart mysqld

To start MySQL automatically at boot run:
   systemctl enable mysqld

To login as root to MySQL's command line tool use
   mysql -p -u root

The MySQL server does not listen on the TCP port 3306 by default. To allow (remote) TCP connections, comment the following line in  /etc/mysql/my.cnf
  skip-networking

Remember to edit /etc/hosts.allow by adding the following lines:
  mysqld: ALL : ALLOW
  mysqld-max: ALL : ALLOW

To get more details about MySQL click here.

NetBeans

   sudo pacman -S netbeans

Geany

   ccr -S geany

Team viewer

  ccr -S teamviewer

GIMP

   sudo pacman -S gimp

Skype

   sudo pacman -Sy skype


click here to get more packages you want .

Enjoy Chakra as you want it to be...

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Introduction to Chakra Linux

Chakra is a desktop distribution forked from Arch Linux and its default desktop environment is KDE. Chakra is pure KDE and its developed using QT toolkit. In my opinion KDE is the finest desktop environment in the world, for any platform, and Chakra provides the smoothest, fastest KDE desktop experience.

KDE desktop environment.

Best thing about Chakra is, like Arch Linux it is a rolling-release distribution, which means once you install it in your computer, you never need to reinstall when a new version comes along – the process of applying updates takes care of that.

That being said, the simpleness and clarity in code and system architecture makes Chakra a great distro for users who want to learn the ins-and-outs of Linux. If you are a beginner and don't mind reading wiki's and forums and putting in a little effort, Chakra and its community is a great place to start!

This is the knowledge i gain after searching through internet and reading many forums,wiki,FAQ etc. I think this post will help to a new Chakra user.

To use Chakra mainly you'll have to know about following things.

Package Manager

Chakra uses a package manager called "pacman" and its a command line application developed by Arch Linux.
They are still working on a GUI package manager,for now you'll have to use pacman.

Click here to know more about pacman.

Dependencies

Some software (lots of software, actually) needs other software in order to compile, install, and run.
When a piece of software needs another piece of software, we call the piece of software it needs a dependency.

Repositories

Packages are typically kept in online repositories. Chakra maintains five main officially supported repositories:

Core        : The core system; this is the stuff you need to have a running, bootable Linux system.
Platform : Extra software that doesn't require a graphical session, along with some dependencies for KDE.
Desktop  : The KDE desktop environment.
Apps       : Graphical applications.
Games    : Games.

There's also the lib32 repository, which contains 32-bit software compiled to run on a 64-bit system.
Then there's the testing repository, where software gets tested before being moved to the main repos.
Only the main repositories are enabled on a default Chakra installation.

Mirrors

The repositories are hosted online by servers in various locations throughout the world;
these are known as mirrors because if they're all up-to-date they ought to be identical.
The more mirrors there are the less bandwidth is demanded of any one of them, and the faster users can generally download software.
Chakra now has over thirty of them, and more are being added all the time. The available mirrors are already enabled in your default setup.

Bundles

These are applications which are developed using GTK toolkit.
As Chakra is pure KDE and its developed using QT toolkit, official Chakra package repositories do not, and never will, contain any GTK apps.
There for if you want to use a GTK based apps you can get it as a bundle.

You can get bundles easily from bundle manager.

CCR - Chakra Community Repositories

These are packages contribute by people,there are many useful and needed apps still aren't added to official repositories.
Therefore people can contribute packages for CCR including GTK apps and their dependencies.

Now its time to download and install Chakra.

If you have decided to install chakra, before downloading it check your processor's architecture.
For that run the following command in your terminal or command prompt.

In a Linux environment:
cat /proc/cpuinfo

Looking for Long Mode (lm) in the flags line, will show if the system is ready for x86_64.

In a Windows environment:
wmic OS get OSArchitecture

In an OS X environment:
uname -m

If you have a 32bit computer, you cannot install Chakra. If you have a 64bit computer, you should download the "x86_64" ISO file.

System Requirements

• An Intel Pentium II or higher processor or AMD64-ready CPU for 64bit
• 512 MiB of RAM for running the live system and 1024 MiB of RAM for the installation, 1Gb of RAM for virtualbox installation
• Around 3 Gib of available hard disk space (the more the better)
• A screen capable of 1024 x 768 or higher resolution
• A reasonably fast internet connection; dial-up is too slow!

Download Chakra.

After downloading you can put the Chakra iso file onto a CD/DVD or USB stick. To create reliable installation media, please follow the instructions in the wiki. Chakra ISO images do not support unetbootin, and DVD images need a burn speed no higher than 4×.
Now its time to boot from your CD/DVD or USB.

Graphical chakra installation program is called as "Tribe". It is a great program and in most cases works just fine. It is, however, recommended that you use an external program for more advanced drive partitioning and preparation before launching Tribe.

Click here to go through "Tribe"

Here are few Chakra Linux screenshots

If you gain some knowledge from this  and if you think this is useful leave a comment to encourage us. Good comments or bad comments all are important to usLets talk about installing applications from next post soon, have a nice day!!!

Linux Deepin 12.12 Released

Linux Deepin is a Chinese Linux distribution (English ISO files are available as well) based on Ubuntu, that ships with its own desktop environment and some unique applications, which integrate with the overall Linux Deepin look and feel.

Linux Deepin 12.12, based on Ubuntu 13.04, has been released 19th of june 2013 and comes with a huge list of changes and improvements, including a new desktop environment: Deepin Desktop Environment (DDE). Previously, Linux Deepin has used a highly customized GNOME Shell as the default desktop environment.

The latest version, 12.12, was supposed to be released by the end of December 2012, but because its developers wanted to offer a stable, high quality Linux distribution and that couldn't be achieved in time, it was postponed until today, when the 12.12 version has finally been released.

Deepin Desktop Environment

Deepin Desktop Environment (DDE) tries to continue with the same look and feel Linux Deepin had in the previous releases, but without using GNOME Shell. The menu will probably remind you of the GNOME Shell Activities Overview while the indicators on the bottom dock look more or less like those used in elementary OS Luna. But, unlike Pantheon and GNOME Shell, Deepin Desktop uses Compiz.

Some useful features :

- The dock displays live previews for open windows. You can use the previews to switch between windows or close them:

- Stylish notifications that come with a close button so they never get in your way:

Default applications

Linux Deepin ships with its own software center, music player, video player and screenshot tool, along with some applications, including proprietary software such as Skype.

- Linux Deepin 12.12 includes Deepin Software Center 3.0, which comes with new features such as:

1. recommendations and download rank added to the home page;
2. various category improvements;
3. Users can now log in using their Linux Deepin forum account to comment and rate applications;
4. The preferred software sources mirrors can now be set via its preferences.

- DSnapshot (previously Deepin Scrot - really), a screenshot tool that's available by default in Linux Deepin

- Nautilus 3.8.1 is the default File Manager in Linux Deepin

Linux Deepin 12.12 ships with the following applications by default:
Firefox 21, Google Chrome 27, Thunderbird 17.0.6, LibreOffice 4.0.2, Kingsoft Office (WPS Office) 9.1.0, GNOME Sound Recorder 3.4.0, Pidgin 2.10.7 and Skype 4.2.0.11, among others. Also, Linux Deepin comes with codecs and Adobe Flash Player installed by default, along with a proprietary Wireless Drivers setup tool.

Here are few more Linux Deepin screenshots:

Linux Deepin is a great distribution to help Windows users transition into Linux. Looks like they were aiming to have a Windows 7-like experience with DDE.

Download Linux Deepin 12.12

Source : webupd8.org

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1 - Beginning of Linux

Most of the people are believe in that Linux is so difficult to understand and only experts can do that. But I want to say It is not a difficult task as you thought because there are lot of free documentations and lot of free help guidelines available. Today, Linux is growing faster in popularity in home use and office use due to several reasons (we can discuss those later). My goal of writing this article series is to show you that Linux is simple and very fun and can be used  for all our day today purposes without any problem.

History

To discuss about the popularity of Linux, we need to go back in time about 30-40 years ago...

At that stage Computers were big as houses. While the sizes of those computers posed lots of problems, there was one thing that made this even worse. That is, each and every computer had a their own operating system. Software created for the one given system didn't  run on another system. It was difficult, both for the users and developers of those systems.

A team of researchers in the Bell Labs Laboratories started finding a solution for this software compatibility problem in 1969. As a solution they developed a new Operating System, which was

1. Simple and elegant.

2. Written in the C programming language instead of in assembly code.

        – It was originally developed at Bell Labs (Ken Thompson in 1969) at AT&T

        – In 1973, Dennis Ritchie and Ken Thompson rewrote the code in C and was distributed to universities freely

3. Able to recycle code.

The Bell Labs developers named their project "UNIX".

The code that written in C language which is now commonly named the UNIX kernel.

The C programming language was developed specially for creating this Unix operating system.

Thompson (left) and Ritchie (center) receiving the National Medal of Technology from President Clinton
for their development of generic operating systems theory and specifically for the implementation of the UNIX operating system.

At that stage the Unix operating system was only used in Mainframes, Universities and computers of the large financial  corporations of the governments.

After that smaller computers were being developed and in the end of the 80's lots of people had home computers. At that time there were several Unix versions available for the Personal computer architecture. But they were terribly slow. Due to that reason most people used Microsoft DOS or Microsoft Windows 3.1 on their personal computers.

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2 - Linus and Linux

In order to learn about Linux we must have to talk about a special person, he is

Linus Benedict Torvalds who was born in Helsinki, Finland in December 28, 1969. He is the son of journalists Anna and Nils Torvalds. Torvalds attended the University of Helsinki, graduating with a master's degree in computer science. His academic career was interrupted after his first year of study when he joined the Finnish Army, selecting the 11-month officer training program to fulfill the mandatory military service of Finland. In 1990 he resumed his university studies.

Linus Torvalds

Linux Project

In 1991 Linus began a project to access the large UNIX servers of the university. He wrote the program using GNU C compiler. He started to ask questions, looking for answers and solutions after he started the project. Below is one of his first posts in comp.os.minix, dating from 1991:

From: torvalds@klaava.Helsinki.FI (Linus Benedict Torvalds) Newsgroups: comp.os.minix Subject: Gcc-1.40 and a posix-question Message-ID: <1991Jul3.100050.9886@klaava.Helsinki.FI> Date: 3 Jul 91 10:00:50 GMT Hello netlanders, Due to a project I'm working on (in minix), I'm interested in the posix standard definition. Could somebody please point me to a (preferably) machine-readable format of the latest posix rules? Ftp-sites would be nice.

Finally he realized that he had written an operating system kernel (Linux Kernel). On 25 August 1991, he announced this system. At that time he was just a 21 years old student.

Major part of today’s Linux kernel is written in C programming language and assembly language and only 2% of today’s kernel contains code written by Torvalds.

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